Γιατί οι Ευρωπαίοι κατέκτησαν την Αμερική - What the fact?

[Πασιφάη]

Το βρήκα εξαιρετικά ενδιαφέρον προς συζήτηση. Για πείτε απόψεις.

[Λαχουρένιος]

Αναπαραγει το Guns, Germs and Steel, ειναι βιβλιο που εχω στα υπ'οψιν μου

Γενικα ωραια σειρουλα, αλλα πιστευω θα μπορουσε να πει δυο λογια παραπανω

Νομιζω αυτο που λεει ειναι η γενικως παραδεκτη αποψη

[Nandros]

Αναπαραγει το Guns, Germs and Steel, ειναι βιβλιο που εχω στα υπ'οψιν μου

Γενικα ωραια σειρουλα, αλλα πιστευω θα μπορουσε να πει δυο λογια παραπανω

Νομιζω αυτο που λεει ειναι η γενικως παραδεκτη αποψη

To έχω σε ηλεκτρονική μορφή - στα Αγγλικά όμως - και όποιος ενδιαφέρεται ας στείλει το e-mail του μέσω ΠΜ.
.

[Λαχουρένιος]

Εγω το χω βρει στα ελληνικα (δεν τρολλαρω)

[Freisinniger]

αυτό εδώ είναι;

[Λαχουρένιος]

Ναι, το χω σε πδφ στα ελληνικα αν θες

[Freisinniger]

κατέβηκε

[Freisinniger]

αυτο εδω ειναι καλο παλι

[Διάδοχος]

To τι κακό κάνει η απομόνωση το βλέπουμε στα χάλια των Νέητιβ Αμέρικανς όταν συνάντησαν τους Ισπανούς.

Να πούμε κάπου εδώ ότι οι προ-Κολομβιανοί όχι απλά θυσίαζαν ο ένας τον άλλο, αλλά έκαναν και ανωμαλίες:

Among Mayans, there was a strong association between ritual and homosexual behavior. Some shamans engaged in homosexual acts with their patients, and priests engaged in ritualized homosexual acts with their gods.[7] According to a 17th-century Franciscan friar, Fray Juan de Torquemada, teen-aged males were given pubescent boys to serve as partners until marriage, at which time the younger partner was given a pubescent boy of his own.[8] When the Toltecs arrived to conquer the region, they brought more sodomy and public sex of all kinds. Then when Itzá conquered the area, they brought more sodomy, more eroticism and extensive sexual ceremonies.[7] However, the Maya, as a people with a hybrid culture, had differing views on homosexual sodomy. The Maya Chilam Balam books, for example, regularly contained sexual insults directed toward the Itzá. According to mythology contained in the book, sodomites were responsible for destroying the order of Maya society by producing illegitimate children through their anuses who were unable to run society.

The Zapotecs of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in southeastern Mexico did not develop a culture of conquest, which may explain their relaxed attitude toward masculinity.[9] Homosexual behavior was common among males of all ages. Boys began having sex with other males during puberty and would continue having sex with other men through their twenties. By the time they were thirty most males were married and had children, but as with the Mayans, homosexual relations continued even after marriage. In fact, it was not uncommon for a Zapotec man to leave a marriage after his children were grown and move in with another male lover.[10] The Zapotecs developed the concept of a third gender, which they referred to as muxe, as an intermediate between male and female who played both gender roles in everyday life.[9] It is important to note that “two-spirit” (and similar native terms) refer to gender, not sexual orientation. “Two-spirit” individuals may be heterosexual, bisexual, or homosexual. To date, muxes still exist among Zapotec people and play a crucial role within the community.

In the Valley of Mexico, the Aztecs lived in urban centers such as Texcoco, Tlatelolco, and Tenochitlan. From there, they politically dominated most of Mesoamerica and extracted a heavy tribute of raw materials, finished products, slaves, and sacrificial victims.[11] The Aztecs exhibited a profound duality in their approach to sexual behavior. On one hand, they held public rituals which were at times very erotic, but on the other, they were extremely prudish in everyday life. In their pantheon, the Aztecs worshiped a deity, Xochiquetzal, who was the goddess of non-procreative sexuality and love, and both female and male at the same time. In her male aspect, called Xochipilli, was worshiped as the deity of male homosexuality and male prostitution.[12] The mythical history of the Aztec people was divided into four "worlds", of which the previous had been "an easy, weak life, of sodomy, perversion, of the dance of the flowers and of adoration to Xochiquétzal", in which the "masculine virtues of war, management and wisdom" were forgotten.[13] It is possible that this story made reference to the Toltecs.[4] In the majority of cases, they allowed the people they conquered to maintain their own customs. Nonetheless, Aztecs placed a high premium on "manly", "assertive" behavior, and a corresponding stigma on "submissive" behavior. When conquered people were not sacrificed on temple altars, the males of conquered nations were often demoted to the status of women.[14][15] The penalties for male homosexual intercourse were severe. Mexica law punished sodomy with the gallows, impalement for the active homosexual, extraction of the entrails through the anal orifice for the passive homosexual, and death by garrote for the lesbians.[16] In Tenochtitlan, they hanged homosexuals.

In nearby Texcoco, populated by the Chichemecs, under the laws of Nezahualcoyotl, the active partner was "bound to a stake, completely covered with ashes and so left to die; the entrails of the passive agent were drawn out through his anus, he was then covered with ashes, and wood being added, the pile was ignited."[14]

Some authors state that these strict laws were not used in practice and that homosexuals were relatively free. For example, they cite Spanish chronicles that speak of widespread sodomy that included children of up to 6 years or of children dressed like women to practice prostitution. The chronicles also speak of religious acts in which sodomy was practiced.[17]

The existence of lesbianism is testified to by the Nahuatl word "patlacheh", which designates a woman who carries out masculine activities, including the penetration of other women, as revealed in the General history of the matters of New Spain by Bernardino de Sahagún.[13]

In spite of the puritanism of the Mexica, the sexual customs of the people conquered by the Aztec Empire varied to a great extent. For example, Bernal Díaz del Castillo speaks of homosexuality among the ruling classes, prostitution of young people, and cross-dressing in the area of Veracruz.[13] The yauyos had prostitution houses full of men with painted faces and women's clothing.

The Toltecs, elsewhere, were extremely tolerant of homosexuality.[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Mexico

[OANNHSEA]

Όντως ο Mikeus αναπαράγει το βιβλίο "Όπλα, μικρόβια και ατσάλι" - μόνο που για άλλη μία φορά το κάνει με λάθος τρόπο και λέγοντας αρλούμπες...
Πρέπει να αγοράσετε και τα τρία βιβλία του Jared Diamond, να τα διαβάσετε με προσοχή για να καταλάβετε τι λέει ο ποιητής μέσα τους (και όχι τις ανοησίες για άσχετους που λέει ο Mikeus).
Τα βιβλία είναι:
Όπλα, μικρόβια και ατσάλι.
Κατάρρευση
Ο κόσμος μέχρι χθες. Το κάθε ένα από αυτά είναι μία σφαλιάρα για τον τρόπο σκέψης μας και τις γνώσεις μας...

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